When learning English, many learners face the challenge of understanding the differences between written and spoken forms of the language. This issue is particularly noticeable when practicing for English proficiency tests like the TOEFL or IELTS, as these exams test both writing and speaking skills.
In the context of American English conversation, there are distinct differences from formal written English, and mastering both can be a challenge. In this article, we will compare written English and spoken English in detail, explaining their characteristics and how to use each appropriately for TOEFL and IELTS.
1. Characteristics of Written English
Accuracy and Formality
Written English places a strong emphasis on accuracy and formality. There is an expectation that grammar is precise and the structure of sentences is clear. Formal vocabulary and phrases are often used to convey respect and professionalism. This form of English is critical for exams like the TOEFL and IELTS, as these exams assess your ability to communicate effectively in both academic and professional settings.
Example Sentences:
Business Writing: "I am writing to inform you about the upcoming meeting scheduled for next Monday at 10 AM."
Academic Writing: "The research findings indicate a significant correlation between the two variables."
Vocabulary and Grammar
In written English, more complex vocabulary and grammatical structures are employed. Conjunctions, prepositions, and relative pronouns are frequently used to construct longer and more intricate sentences. Academic essays and business letters often feature specialized terminology that aligns with a formal tone.
2. Characteristics of Spoken English
Naturalness and Friendliness
Spoken English is characterized by its natural and informal tone. Everyday conversation relies on simple, intuitive expressions. Moreover, spoken language often includes abbreviations, slang, and idiomatic expressions that are not common in formal written contexts.
Example Sentences:
Daily Conversation: "Hey, what's up? Wanna grab some coffee?"
Casual Email: "I'll be there in a sec. Let me know if you need anything."
Vocabulary and Grammar
Spoken English tends to use shorter, more concise sentences. It's also more common for subjects and verbs to be omitted, and slang, contractions, and idioms frequently appear. Unlike written English, grammatical mistakes or incomplete sentences are often acceptable in casual conversations.
3. Key Differences Between Written and Spoken English
Vocabulary Differences
Written English: Uses more formal vocabulary, such as "commence" (begin) and "terminate" (end).
Spoken English: Frequently employs informal language and slang, such as "start" (begin) and "end" (terminate).
Grammar Differences
Written English: Tends to have accurate, complex grammatical structures, often involving conjunctions and relative clauses.
Spoken English: Uses short sentences, frequently omitting subjects or verbs. For example, "I'm gonna" (I am going to) or "Wanna" (Want to).
Tone Differences
Written English: The tone is formal, polite, and respectful, especially in business letters and official emails.
Spoken English: The tone is casual, friendly, and relaxed, commonly used in conversations with friends or informal email exchanges.
4. The Role of Written and Spoken English in Japan's English Education
Focus on Written English
English education traditionally places more emphasis on written English. Grammar and vocabulary accuracy are stressed, and students often spend more time learning formal writing styles such as essays and reports. However, understanding and using spoken English expressions is crucial for real-world communication, especially in exams like IELTS that test both writing and speaking skills.
Challenges in English Education
Overemphasis on Formality: Since education system focuses heavily on formal expression, many students may find spoken English and casual expressions difficult to grasp.
Limited Speaking and Listening Practice: There's often less focus on speaking and listening, which means many students struggle with real-life communication in American English.
Solutions for Improvement
Practical Materials: Incorporating spoken English learning resources, like conversational textbooks and real-life examples, can help students gain exposure to informal English.
Enhanced Speaking and Listening Practice: Regular practice with native speakers or in groups can improve fluency in both written and spoken English, making it easier to adapt for the TOEFL and IELTS.
5. How to Effectively Use Written and Spoken English in TOEFL and IELTS
Understand the Context
Choosing between written and spoken English depends on the situation. For TOEFL Writing and IELTS Writing, formal written language is required. However, in the Speaking section of both tests, it's better to use natural, conversational expressions, avoiding overly formal phrases that can sound unnatural.
Balance Listening and Reading Practice
Balance your listening and reading practice to ensure you're exposed to both written and spoken forms of English. For example, you can read news articles or academic papers to enhance your writing and reading skills, and listen to podcasts or movies for spoken language exposure.
Incorporate Practical Practice
Incorporate real-life practice to strengthen your speaking and writing. Write business emails and practice conversational English with friends or in language exchange settings. This can help you naturally switch between the more formal written and casual spoken expressions required in TOEFL and IELTS.
Conclusion
Understanding the differences between written English and spoken English is essential for effective communication, especially for students preparing for exams like TOEFL and IELTS. Recognizing when to use formal or informal language, and practicing both types of English, will enable you to communicate confidently in both academic and everyday settings. By balancing your reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills, you'll be well-equipped to succeed in TOEFL and IELTS, as well as in your future use of American English.
Author: Manami Palmini 
Past Support Experience
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